Vector tiles

Vector tiles contain vector representations of data across a range of scales and can be used to visualize geometries in a Spark DataFrame. Using the vector-tile format when writing a DataFrame will write a directory of tiles to an output location. These tiles can be visualized in applications like ArcGIS Pro and MapBox.

Below is an example of a vector tile result stored in PBF files.

This layout includes a collection of folders with subfolders and .pbf files, as well as the vector-tile.json file that contains metadata like the path to the tiles folder, layer name, spatial reference, and symbology.

The following table shows differences in terms between GeoAnalytics for Microsoft Fabric and GIS software (such as ArcGIS Pro).

Description	GeoAnalytics for Microsoft Fabric term	GIS software term
A single record in your dataset.	Record or row	Feature
A DataFrame column or a field in a GIS dataset	Column	Field or attribute

Note

You must configure the protobuf jar to be able to write vector tiles with GeoAnalytics for Microsoft Fabric.

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%%configure -f
{
    "conf":
    {
        "spark.driver.extraJavaOptions" : "--add-opens java.base/jdk.internal.loader=ALL-UNNAMED",
        "spark.jars.packages": "com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.25.5"
    }
}

Create vector tiles

The following table shows examples of the Python syntax for writing to vector tiles with GeoAnalytics for Microsoft Fabric, where path is a path to a directory of vector tiles.

Load	Save
Not supported	`df.write.format("vector-tile").save(path)`
Not supported	`df.write.save(path, format="vector-tile")`

When you write to vector tiles, specify the export format as vector-tile. There are also required and optional parameters explained in the table below.

Parameter name	Explanation	Type	Example
`layerName`	The name of the output vector tile layer.	Required	"earthquakes"
`minLevel`	The minimum zoom level created. If a `minScale` is provided, `minLevel` will be ignored. The default is 0.	Optional	5 In this case, zoom levels from 5 to 15 will be included in the vector tile result. The folder will include subfolders 5-15.
`maxLevel`	The maximum zoom level created. The default is 15.	Optional	12 In this case, zoom levels from 0 to 12 will be included in the vector tile result. The folder will include subfolders 0-12.
`minScale`	The minimum (smallest) scale at which the tiles are created, for zooming out as far as possible. This parameter accepts the reciprocal of the scale, the scale itself is 1:`minScale`. If the `minScale` parameter is not provided, the `minLevel` will be used.	Optional	295828764 A value of 295828764 specifies a scale of 1:295828764. When zooming in from whole-world extent, data will start to appear at a scale of 1:295828764.
`maxScale`	The maximum (largest) scale at which records will display when zooming in. This parameter accepts the reciprocal of the scale, the scale itself is 1:`maxScale`. If `maxScale` is greater than the scale corresponding to `maxLevel`, then the high scale range is supported for ArcGIS viewers by overzoom, without writing additional levels of tiles. Clients that do not support overzoom will only zoom in to the scale corresponding to `maxLevel`. If the `maxScale` parameter is not provided, the `maxLevel` will be used.	Optional	564 A value of 564 specifies a scale of 1:564. ArcGIS Pro will overzoom in to 1:564; other clients may not overzoom, `maxLevel` should be increased in this case.
`maxPointsPerTile`	The maximum number of records that will be included in a single tile. If the number of records exceeds this limit, not all records will draw. In this case, the records will be chosen arbitrarily. The default is 50000. Set this parameter to `-1` to include all features in the vector tile result.	Optional	1000
`prioField`	The prioritization field determines which records will be prioritized to be included in the vector tile result. Use this field when the number of records in a tile exceeds the `maxPointsPerTile`.	Optional	"magnitude" In this example, if the number of records in a tile exceeds the `maxPointsPerTile`, the records with highest magnitude value will be prioritized to be included in the vector tile result.
`attributes`	The columns to be included in the vector tiles. By default, no columns are included.	Optional	"magnitude,depth" In this example, two columns will be shown in client applications, such as the popups in ArcGIS Pro.

The example below writes the DataFrame df to vector tiles with a maximum zoom level of 12, a maximum of 10,000 points per tile, and includes the magnitude field as an attribute in the result.

Python
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df.write.format("vector-tile") \
				.option("layerName", "earthquakes") \
				.option("maxLevel", 12) \
				.option("maxPointsPerTile", 10000) \
				.option("prioField", "magnitude") \
				.option("attributes", "magnitude") \
				.save(r"C:\vector_tile_output\earthquakes")

Visualize vector tiles

Most client applications require that vector tiles are hosted on a web server to visualize them. There are multiples ways to host vector tiles. See the following tutorials for some example workflows:

Host vector tiles on Internet Information Services (IIS)

Visualize hosted vector tiles in ArcGIS Pro

The steps below outline how to view vector tiles in ArcGIS Pro.

Create a new map or open an existing one.
Click Map > Add Data > Data From Path.
For the path provide the URL to the hosted vector-tile.json file that was written by GeoAnalytics for Microsoft Fabric for the vector tiles you want to visualize. For service type select "Vector Tile Service" and click Add.

The geometries will draw on the map and you will see a vector tile layer in the Contents pane.

You can also enable popups on vector tile layers and view attribute values. To enable popups, right-click on the vector tile layer in Contents and select "Enable Pop-ups".

Visualize hosted vector tiles in Mapbox

Create a basic HTML application using the Mapbox API.

Add the vector tile layer that references the hosted location.

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window.map.addSource('tiles', {
"type": "vector",
"minzoom": 0,
"maxzoom": 9,
"tiles": [`{z}/{x}/{y}.pbf`]
});

Add the layer to the map along with properties.

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>map.addLayer({
 "id": "test",
 "type": "circle",
 "source": "tiles",
 "source-layer": "earthquakes",
 "paint": {
 "circle-color": "red"
 }
 }, "waterway-label");

Example Mapbox app:

HTML
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
  <meta charset='utf-8' />
  <title>Display a map</title>
  <meta name='viewport' content='initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1,user-scalable=no' />
  <script src='https://api.tiles.mapbox.com/mapbox-gl-js/v1.12.0/mapbox-gl.js'></script>
  <link href='https://api.tiles.mapbox.com/mapbox-gl-js/v1.12.0/mapbox-gl.css' rel='stylesheet' />
  <style>
    body {
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    #map {
      position: absolute;
      top: 0;
      bottom: 0;
      width: 100%;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div id='map'></div>
  <script>
    const agsKey = '<YOUR_KEY>';
    const agsStyle = 'ArcGIS:Community';
    var map = new mapboxgl.Map({
      container: 'map', // container id
      style: `https://basemaps-api.arcgis.com/arcgis/rest/services/styles/${agsStyle}/?type=style&token=${agsKey}`,
      center: [-85.50, 40],
	  zoom: 0
    });

    map.on('load', function () {
      window.map.addSource('tiles', {
        "type": "vector",
        "minzoom": 0,
        "maxzoom": 15,
        "tiles": [`http://<YOUR_PATH>/{z}/{y}/{x}.pbf`] // Add the path to your hosted tiles here
      });
      map.addLayer({
        "id": "test",
        "type": "circle",
        "source": "tiles",
        "source-layer": "vector_layer",
        "paint": {
          "circle-color": "red"
        }
      });
    });
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Best practices

If you are using a large, dense dataset and wish to export multiple zoom levels, it may take a long time to export and render the vector tiles. In this case, it is recommended to use the maxPointsPerTile parameter to limit the number of records included in each tile.

The records to include are prioritized in an arbitrary way by default. You can also use a prioritization field in cases where you wish to include and display certain records first.

For example, if you are visualizing a dataset of world cities, using the population as the prioritization field will prioritize displaying the largest cities first in the shallower levels.

In case you want to get more detailed information about individual records in your vector tile layer, you can include attributes when exporting in GeoAnalytics for Microsoft Fabric and then enable popups in ArcGIS Pro.

Limitations

Only points are supported. The only supported vector tile layout is folders of .pbf files.